Table of Contents

{Note from de Carlo: The numbers in brackets are the original page numbers for reference}

Part One: The External History of the Germanic Languages

1. Indo-European Origins [21]

2. Indo-European Expansions [23]

3. The Germanic Languages [25]

4. North Germanic [27]

5. East Germanic [28]

6. West Germanic [30]

7. Chronology and Drift [33]

Part Two: Phonology

CONSONANTISM

THE INDO-EUROPEAN CONSONANTS

8. Reconstruction [35]

9. Phonetic Law and Phonetic Drift [36]

10. Modes of Articulation [37]

11. Places of Articulation [41]

12. The Sibilant [45]

13. Sonorous Consonants [45]

14. The Semi- Vowels [46]

THE GERMANIC CONSONANTS

A. The Consonant Shift

15. Lautverschiebung [47]

16. The Fundamental Principle [49]

17. Cause and Time of the Consonant Shift [52]

The Germanic Shift

18. The IE Spirants, φ θ χ (bh dh gh) > Gmc. ƀ ð ȝ [57]

19. The IE Voiceless Stops, p t k > f þ ɧ [59]

20. Verner's Law [60]

21. The IE Voiced Stops, b d g [68]

22. The Gmc. Consonant Lengthening [69]

23. The Labiovelars [71]

The Intermediate Shift

24. The Gmc. Voiced Spirants, ƀ ð ȝ [75]

The High German Shift

25. Chronology and Spread [78]

26. Instances and Limitations [81]

B. Other Consonant Changes

27. The Gmc. Voiceless Spirants, f þ ɧ [82]

28. Rhotacism [84]

29. Consonant Groups [85]

30. The West Germanic Consonant Lengthening [87]

31. Secondary Developments [89]

C. The Semi-Vowels

32. Articulation [90]

33. Gmc. Developments [91]

VOCALISM

34. The Indo-European Vowels [93]

35. The Indo-European Diphthongs [96]

36. The Germanic Vowel Shift [97]

37. The Germanic Long Vowels [99]

38. The Germanic Short Vowels [100]

39. The Germanic Diphthongs [103]

40. Monophthongization and Diphthongization [105]

41. Mutation [107]

42. Influence of Consonants [112]

Simple Vowels:

Diphthongs:

ACCENT AND ITS EFFECTS

43. Indo-European and Germanic Accent [118]

Gradation

44. Ablaut [120]

45. Abtonung [121]

46. Abstufung [123]

47. The Germanic Ablaut Series [129]

Unstressed Syllables

48. Quantity of Final Syllables [132]

49. The Germanic Weakening of Unstressed Syllables [133]

A. Short Vowels

1. In Final Syllables

2. In Medial Syllables

B. Long Vowels of Two Morae

C. Three Morae

D. Final Consonants

50. Standardization of Quantity [140]

Part Three: Inflections

51. Word Structure [141]

THE VERB

52. Tense and Aspect [144]

THE STEMS

The Present

53. The Stem Classes [147]

54. The Germanic Present Types [148]

The Preterit

55. Strong and Weak Verbs [159]

The Strong Preterit

56. The Standard View [160]

57. Syncretism in the Strong Preterit [162]

58. The Diphthongal Light Bases [164]

59. The Monophthongal Light Bases [170]

60. The Monophthongal Heavy Bases [173]

61. The Diphthongal Heavy Bases [175]

62. The 'Reduplicating' Verbs [176]

63. Grammatical Change [182]

64. Later Developments [186]

65. The Preterit-Presents [187]

The Weak Preterit

66. The Dental Suffix [193]

67. The Connecting Vowel [199]

INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPLES

68. The Infinitive [204]

69. The Participles [205]

THE PERSONAL ENDINGS

70. Categories of the Verb [206]

71. Types of Endings [209]

72. The Present Active [210]

73. The Preterit [217]

74. The Passive [219]

75. Anomalous Verbs [219]

THE NOUN

THE STEMS

76. Gradation [225]

77. Classes [226]

78. Categories [228]

79. Endings [231]

Singular:

Plural:

THE GERMANIC DECLENSIONS

VOWEL STEMS

80. The o-Stems [241]

81. The ā-Stems [244]

82. The i-Stems [245]

83. The u-Stems [247]

CONSONANT STEMS

84. The n-Stems [249]

85. The r-Stems : [255]

86. The s-Stems [256]

87. The Root-Stems [256]

88. The nt-Stems [258]

ADJECTIVE

89. Stems and Declensions [259]

90. Paradigms [261]

91. Comparison [265]

THE PRONOUN

92. Characteristics [266]

93. The Demonstrative Pronoun [267]

94. The Anaphorical Pronoun [274]

95. The Pronominal Endings of the Strong Adjective [275]

96. The Relative Pronoun [276]

97. The Interrogative and Indefinite Pronoun [278]

98. The Personal Pronoun [279]

THE NUMERALS

99. The Cardinals [285]

100. The Ordinals [292]

Specimen Texts [294]

Bibliographical Notes [299]

Index of Words [309]